General Research

Elements, characteristics, or factors that can change or vary in a study and may affect the outcome.

The overall strategy and rationale behind the research process, including the specific methods used for data collection and analysis.

A summary and analysis of existing research and publications on a specific topic. Helps identify gaps and inform new research.

Standardized assessments with fixed response options (e.g., multiple-choice), used to measure traits, behaviors, or symptoms (e.g., MMPI).

A clear, specific description of how a concept or variable is measured or manipulated in a study.

The people who take part in a research study. They may also be referred to as subjects or respondents.

A process in which experts evaluate a research study or manuscript before publication to ensure quality and accuracy.

A detailed plan that outlines the objectives, design, methods, and procedures of a research study. It serves as a guide for conducting the study consistently and ethically, and is often reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB).

The consistency of a measure or result. A reliable measure produces similar results under consistent conditions.

Repeating a study or experiment to confirm findings and test reliability. A key part of scientific credibility.