Glossary Terms

The average value in a set of numbers, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values.

A computerized system used to collect, manage, and store data in clinical trials, replacing traditional paper forms.

A measure of the magnitude of a relationship or difference between groups. Helps understand the practical significance of findings.

The use of charts, graphs, or other visual tools to present data clearly and effectively.

The process of gathering information (quantitative or qualitative) for use in analysis to answer research questions.

The process of examining, cleaning, and interpreting data to answer research questions or test hypotheses.

A statistical relationship between two variables, showing how one tends to change in relation to the other. Does not imply causation.

A range of values that is likely to contain the true effect or value being measured. Indicates the precision of an estimate.

A statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant association between categorical variables.

Indicates that one event or variable directly leads to a change in another. Unlike correlation, causation requires evidence of a cause-and-effect relationship.